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In a randomised study of people with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation, tesamorelin reduced visceral fat compared with placebo after six months. Researchers measured the change using scans.

What visceral fat is

Visceral fat sits around the internal organs. A bathroom scale measures total weight and cannot tell you how much fat is in that area. The trial did not find a corresponding difference in abdominal fat just under the skin.

What participants experienced

A separate placebo-controlled study in a similar population reported an improvement in how distressed participants felt about their body image. Both findings came from studies of people with HIV and central fat accumulation, so these studies leave open how the results apply to people pursuing general weight loss.

Evidence reviewed 15 November 2026.

Sources and further reading

Randomised trial in JAMA

Placebo-controlled study

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How to Read a Peptide Research Paper

Some patients in a small human study reported less knee pain after treatment involving BPC-157. The study followed reported pain and did not establish whether an injured tendon or ligament healed.

What researchers studied

Researchers looked back at records from patients treated for different types of knee pain. Some received BPC-157 alone and others also received thymosin beta-4. There was no placebo group.

What patients experienced

Patients described changes in pain at follow-up. Because the study was small and included different conditions and treatments, it could not isolate the effect of BPC-157. A controlled trial measuring pain, function and tissue healing would answer a different question.

Evidence reviewed 15 November 2026.

Sources and further reading

Original knee-pain study

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How to Read a Peptide Research Paper

Retatrutide targets three hormone receptors involved in appetite and metabolism. In the 80-week TRIUMPH-1 trial, average body weight fell by 17.6% to 25.0% across the retatrutide groups, compared with 3.9% with placebo. These are group averages.

Who took part

The trial enrolled adults with obesity, or overweight with a related health condition, without type 2 diabetes. Researchers assigned participants to an investigational treatment or placebo.

What participants experienced

Nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting were among the digestive side effects. Digestive side effects led to discontinuation in 2.2% to 4.6% across the retatrutide groups and 1.2% with placebo.

Evidence reviewed 15 November 2026.

Sources and further reading

Published TRIUMPH-1 trial

TRIUMPH-1 safety presentation

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How to Read a Peptide Research Paper